Biotechnology and its Applications — Class 12 CBSE Biology revision notes
A 4-page visual revision sheet for Biotechnology and its Applications, written for Class 12 CBSE Biology. Formulas, diagrams and the traps that cost marks, laid out to be read the night before rather than the term before. Free, and it opens inside CapCompass.
Page 1 as PDF
Biotechnology and its Applications in one look
the same toolkit turns into insulin, pest-resistant cotton, and a corrected gene
What genetic engineering buys a crop
| benefit | what it means here |
|---|---|
| tolerance to abiotic stress | survives cold, drought, heat and salt better |
| less chemical pesticide use | built-in pest resistance, e.g. Bt cotton |
| fewer post harvest losses | less of the crop wasted after harvest |
| better mineral use efficiency | slows how fast soil fertility is used up |
| higher nutritional value | e.g. vitamin A enriched golden rice |
| tolerance to a plant pathogen | e.g. nematode resistant tobacco, by RNAi |
Getting a new trait into a crop: two routes
- needs two sexually compatible parent plants
- transfers the whole genome, not one gene
- the desired gene arrives with unwanted linked ones
- many generations of selection to fix the trait
- the gene can come from an unrelated species
- only the one chosen gene is transferred
- no unwanted linked genes come along with it
- the first transgenic generation already carries it
Bt crops: a borrowed toxin
- soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis makes cry gene crystal proteins, toxic to specific insect larvae
- toxin is inactive as made; a susceptible insect's alkaline gut activates it
- active toxin binds midgut cells, forms pores: insect stops feeding, dies
- no matching receptor, no effect: that's why the toxin is pest specific
Matching the cry gene to the pest
| cry gene(s) | target pest |
|---|---|
| cryIAc, cryIIAb | cotton bollworm |
| cryIAb | corn borer |
Page 1 of 4. The full sheet, all 4 pages, opens free in the app.
What this Biotechnology and its Applications sheet covers
- What genetic engineering buys a crop
- Getting a new trait into a crop: two routes
- conventional breeding
- genetic engineering
- Bt crops: a borrowed toxin
- Matching the cry gene to the pest
- Where the Bt gene sits, inside an ordinary plant cell
- RNA interference: silencing a pest's own gene
- Building the double-stranded RNA that silences the nematode
- Fighting a pest: two different weapons
- Recombinant insulin
- Building insulin from two chains
- Counting the finished hormone
- Gene therapy: correcting a defect at its source
- Ex-vivo gene therapy: correcting one lymphocyte at a time
- Two ways to deliver a gene therapy
- Molecular diagnosis: three tools
- Transgenic animals: four jobs
- disease models
- safety testing
- biological products
- normal biology
- Biosafety and ethics
- Where these applications land
- Traps that cost marks
- Tricks that save time
How CapCompass uses this sheet
These notes are not a standalone PDF. CapCompass plans Biology chapter by chapter against your real exam dates and free hours, and when the plan reaches Biotechnology and its Applications the sheet opens inside the study block itself — at the page covering the sub-topic that block is on, with the timer still running. Revision arrives at the moment the plan says revise, instead of having to be gone looking for.
More Biology Class 12 revision notes
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Ecosystem
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Human Reproduction
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Organisms and Populations
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Reproductive Health
- Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants