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Locomotion and Movement — Class 11 CBSE Biology revision notes

A 4-page visual revision sheet for Locomotion and Movement, written for Class 11 CBSE Biology. Formulas, diagrams and the traps that cost marks, laid out to be read the night before rather than the term before. Free, and it opens inside CapCompass.

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Locomotion and Movement in one look

every movement in the body is one of three types, and locomotion is only the one that changes place

Movement is broader than locomotion

  • movement is any change in the position of a part of the body, or of the whole body
  • locomotion is specifically movement that changes the animal's location, walking, running, swimming or flying
  • every locomotory movement is a movement, but not every movement is locomotory, a beating heart moves without going anywhere

Three types of movement

  • Amoeboid: by pseudopodia, seen in some WBCs (leucocytes) and in Amoeba, powered by actin and myosin proteins
  • Ciliary: coordinated beating of cilia, moves either fluid over a fixed cell or the cell itself; lines the trachea and the fallopian tube
  • Muscular: by contraction of muscle, the type behind body locomotion, chewing, breathing movements and pretty much everything visible

Skeletal muscle structure

  • made of long, cylindrical, unbranched, striated fibres, each fibre a syncytium with many nuclei
  • each fibre contains many myofibrils, and each myofibril is a repeating chain of sarcomeres, the actual contractile unit
  • a sarcomere alternates thick filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin), giving the alternating light and dark bands seen under a microscope

Skeletal vs Cardiac muscle

Skeletal
  • voluntary, under conscious control
  • fibres are unbranched, multinucleate
Cardiac
  • involuntary, keeps its own rhythm without conscious input
  • fibres are branched, joined end to end by intercalated discs

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