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Aldehyde vs Ketone vs Carboxylic Acid, Aldehyde, -CHO, Ketone, >C=O, Carboxylic acid, -COOH, Nomenclature: Aldehydes and Acids Are Related, Nomenclature: Ketones, Preparing Aldehydes and Ketones: the General Routes, Preparing Aldehydes Only: Acyl Chloride, Nitrile, Ester Routes, Preparing Ketones Only: Cadmium and Grignard Routes, Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones from Hydrocarbons, Preparation of Carboxylic Acids, Physical Properties: Boiling Point Order.

Is this for Class 12 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry?

Yes, it is written for the Maharashtra HSC Chemistry syllabus.

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Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids — Class 12 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry revision notes

A 6-page visual revision sheet for Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids, written for Class 12 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry. Formulas, diagrams and the traps that cost marks, laid out to be read the night before rather than the term before. Free, and it opens inside CapCompass.

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Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids in one look

the C=O carbon is electrophilic, so a nucleophile always attacks there first, no matter what happens after

Aldehyde vs Ketone vs Carboxylic Acid

Aldehyde, -CHO

carbonyl carbon bonded to at least one H
aliphatic if -CHO sits on sp^3 carbon (formaldehyde too). aromatic if it sits on the ring

Ketone, >C=O

carbonyl carbon bonded to two alkyl/aryl groups
simple/symmetrical if the two groups match, mixed/unsymmetrical if they differ

Carboxylic acid, -COOH

carbonyl carbon ALSO bonded to -OH, distinct from a plain carbonyl
mono/di/tri-carboxylic by how many -COOH groups it carries

Nomenclature: Aldehydes and Acids Are Related

trivial names: an aldehyde's name swaps its acid's -ic acid for -aldehyde: acetic acid to acetaldehyde
substituent position uses Greek letters: alpha next to the carbonyl carbon, then beta, gamma
IUPAC: alkane's -e to -al for an aldehyde, to -oic acid for an acid
a double -CHO gets -dial, the -e kept. a double -COOH gets -dioic acid
the -CHO or -COOH carbon is ALWAYS C1: the group sits at a chain end
on a ring, -CHO is carbaldehyde and -COOH is carboxylic acid, added after the cycloalkane name

Nomenclature: Ketones

trivial: groups on the carbonyl carbon, alphabetically, + 'ketone', e.g. ethyl methyl ketone
aromatic ketones use -phenone: acetophenone, benzophenone
IUPAC: alkane's -e to -one, numbered for the LOWER locant. two carbonyls use -dione, -e retained
as the lower-priority group in a polyfunctional molecule: prefix 'oxo-' with its locant instead

Preparing Aldehydes and Ketones: the General Routes

oxidation: 1 deg alcohol gives an aldehyde, 2 deg gives a ketone. hot Cu vapour does the same industrially
ozonolysis of an alkene, ozonide then Zn/water workup, cleaves C=C to aldehydes and/or ketones
hydration of an alkyne, 40% H_2SO_4/1% HgSO_4: ethyne gives an aldehyde, any other alkyne a ketone

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What this Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids sheet covers

Aldehyde vs Ketone vs Carboxylic Acid
Aldehyde, -CHO
Ketone, >C=O
Carboxylic acid, -COOH
Nomenclature: Aldehydes and Acids Are Related
Nomenclature: Ketones
Preparing Aldehydes and Ketones: the General Routes
Preparing Aldehydes Only: Acyl Chloride, Nitrile, Ester Routes
Preparing Ketones Only: Cadmium and Grignard Routes
Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones from Hydrocarbons
Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
Physical Properties: Boiling Point Order
Why Aldehydes Beat Ketones on Reactivity
Electronic effect
Steric effect
Laboratory Tests for -CHO and >C=O
Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl
Addition-Elimination with Ammonia Derivatives
Haloform Reaction
Aldol Condensation vs Cannizzaro Reaction
Aldol condensation
Cannizzaro reaction
Oxidation, Reduction and Ring Substitution
Why Carboxylic Acids Beat Alcohols and Phenols on Acidity
Substituent Effects on Acid Strength
More halogens = stronger acid
Aromatic acids
Laboratory Tests for -COOH
Reactions of -COOH: Chloride, Amide, Anhydride, Decarboxylation, Reduction
Traps that cost marks
Tricks that save time

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