Are these Chemical Thermodynamics notes free?

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What does the Chemical Thermodynamics revision sheet cover?

System, Surroundings, State functions, Open, Closed and Isolated Systems, Open, Closed, Isolated, Processes, by What Stays Fixed, work done during expansion or compression, Pressure-Volume Work, work against a constant external pressure, free expansion: expansion against zero opposing force, e.g. into vacuum.

Is this for Class 12 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry?

Yes, it is written for the Maharashtra HSC Chemistry syllabus.

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Chemical Thermodynamics — Class 12 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry revision notes

A 6-page visual revision sheet for Chemical Thermodynamics, written for Class 12 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry. Formulas, diagrams and the traps that cost marks, laid out to be read the night before rather than the term before. Free, and it opens inside CapCompass.

Chemical Thermodynamics revision notes, page 1 of 6 — A preview of page 1 — all 6 pages open full size in the app.

Chemical Thermodynamics in one look

system, surroundings, and the two laws that decide how much energy moves and whether it moves at all

System: the part of the universe under study, open/closed/isolated by what it exchanges
Surroundings: everything else; system + surroundings = universe
State functions: depend only on the state, never on the path taken to reach it

Open, Closed and Isolated Systems

Open

exchanges both matter AND energy with surroundings
e.g. hot coffee in an open cup

Closed

exchanges energy but NOT matter
e.g. coffee covered with a saucer

Isolated

exchanges NEITHER energy nor matter
e.g. coffee in an insulated, covered cup

Processes, by What Stays Fixed

isothermal: T constant, so Δ T=0 and Δ U=0 for an ideal gas
isobaric: P constant, Δ P=0; most lab reactions in open vessels are isobaric
isochoric: V constant, Δ V=0; a reaction in a sealed closed container
adiabatic: no heat exchange, Q=0; the system is fully insulated
reversible: driving force P exceeds opposing P_ext by an infinitesimal amount always
proceeds in infinite tiny steps, reverses on an infinitesimal change of conditions
a real process is irreversible (spontaneous) by comparison

Pressure-Volume Work

work against a constant external pressure W=-P_extΔ V=-P_ext(V_2-V_1)
free expansion: expansion against zero opposing force, e.g. into vacuum P_ext=0 ⇒ W=0
unit conversion 1 dm^3 bar=100 J

Page 1 of 6. The full sheet, all 6 pages, opens free in the app.

What this Chemical Thermodynamics sheet covers

System
Surroundings
State functions
Open, Closed and Isolated Systems
Open
Closed
Isolated
Processes, by What Stays Fixed
work done during expansion or compression
Pressure-Volume Work
work against a constant external pressure
free expansion: expansion against zero opposing force, e.g. into vacuum
unit conversion
Maximum Work is Reversible Work
First Law and Internal Energy
first law: energy of system + surroundings is conserved
isothermal (ideal gas): Δ U=0
adiabatic: Q=0
isochoric: Δ V=0
Enthalpy
definition
at constant pressure, this reduces to
for gas-phase reactions, using PV=nRT
work done in a chemical reaction, at constant T and P
Enthalpies of Physical and Atomic Change
Thermochemistry: Standard States and Named Enthalpies
ΔrH° from Formation and Bond Enthalpies
from standard enthalpies of formation
from bond enthalpies: bonds BROKEN in reactants minus bonds FORMED in products
Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation
the enthalpy change for a reaction is the SUM of the enthalpy changes of any set of steps that add up to it
Spontaneity, Entropy and the Second Law
Gibbs Energy: the System-Only Spontaneity Test
at constant T, P
link to total entropy (surroundings' entropy folded in via Δ S_surr=-Δ H/T)
temperature of changeover between spontaneous and nonspontaneous
Work and spontaneity: special cases
Gibbs Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
Gibbs energy away from standard state, Q the reaction quotient
at equilibrium, Δ G=0 and Qto K
Traps that cost marks
Tricks that save time

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