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What does the Amines revision sheet cover?

Classification of amines, Aliphatic amine, Aromatic amine, Common and IUPAC nomenclature, Preparation of amines, ammonolysis of alkyl halide, alcoholic NH_3 excess, sealed tube 373 K; reactivity R-I > R-Br > R-Cl, reduction of nitrocompound, Sn/HCl or Fe/HCl or H_2/Ni, Mendius reduction of alkyl cyanide, Na/C_2H_5OH or LiAlH_4, a STEP UP (one carbon more), Gabriel phthalimide synthesis: gives a pure 1 degree amine only, in three stages, Hofmann bromamide degradation: one carbon SHORTER, a step down, Preparation: which route and why, Physical properties: H-bonding, boiling point, solubility.

Is this for Class 12 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry?

Yes, it is written for the Maharashtra HSC Chemistry syllabus.

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Amines — Class 12 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry revision notes

A 8-page visual revision sheet for Amines, written for Class 12 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry. Formulas, diagrams and the traps that cost marks, laid out to be read the night before rather than the term before. Free, and it opens inside CapCompass.

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Amines in one look

nitrogen's lone pair makes every amine a base and a nucleophile, but steric bulk and solvation decide how strong

Classification of amines

Aliphatic amine

N on sp^3 alkyl carbon(s): replaces 1, 2 or 3 H of NH_3
1 degree R-NH_2, 2 degree R_2NH, 3 degree R_3N: count carbons ON nitrogen
simple/symmetrical when all groups on N are the same, mixed/unsymmetrical when they differ

Aromatic amine

N attached directly to the aromatic ring, e.g. aniline C_6H_5-NH_2
same 1/2/3 degree naming, but the N lone pair conjugates into the ring
delocalisation makes the lone pair less available: ring-attached N is a weaker base

Common and IUPAC nomenclature

common name: alkyl + -amine, ONE word, e.g. ethylamine
mixed amines: list alkyl groups alphabetically
identical groups on N take a di-/tri- prefix
IUPAC 1 degree: alkane's -e to -amine plus a locant, e.g. propan-1-amine
IUPAC 2/3 degree: named as N-substituted derivatives of the largest chain, e.g. N-methylethanamine
parent arylamine C_6H_5-NH_2 is aniline, an IUPAC-accepted common name
other arylamines named as aniline derivatives, e.g. 4-methylaniline

Page 1 of 8. The full sheet, all 8 pages, opens free in the app.

What this Amines sheet covers

Classification of amines
Aliphatic amine
Aromatic amine
Common and IUPAC nomenclature
Preparation of amines
ammonolysis of alkyl halide, alcoholic NH_3 excess, sealed tube 373 K; reactivity R-I > R-Br > R-Cl
reduction of nitrocompound, Sn/HCl or Fe/HCl or H_2/Ni
Mendius reduction of alkyl cyanide, Na/C_2H_5OH or LiAlH_4, a STEP UP (one carbon more)
Gabriel phthalimide synthesis: gives a pure 1 degree amine only, in three stages
Hofmann bromamide degradation: one carbon SHORTER, a step down
Preparation: which route and why
Physical properties: H-bonding, boiling point, solubility
Basicity: gas phase vs aqueous, the counterintuitive flip
Ranking basicity in water
Why aniline is a weak base and a reactive ring
Laboratory tests for amines
Acylation of amines
1 and 2 degree amines react with acid chlorides/anhydrides in presence of pyridine, which neutralises the HCl formed
Hinsberg's test: distinguishing 1, 2, 3 degree amines
Hofmann exhaustive alkylation vs Hofmann elimination
Exhaustive alkylation
Hofmann elimination
Diazonium salt formation
diazotisation: aromatic 1 degree amine, NaNO_2/HCl, 273-278 K
aliphatic 1 degree amine: the diazonium ion is too unstable, decomposing at once to an alcohol
Reactions of arene diazonium salts: the synthetic hub
Sandmeyer: CuCl/HCl, CuBr/HBr or CuCN/KCN, good yield
Gatterman: Cu powder with HCl or HBr directly, no Cu(I) salt needed
iodoarene formation, KI needs no catalyst
phenol formation, warm water
mild reduction, H_3PO_2/H_2O, drops -NH_2 once it has directed
with HBF_4 first, then heat the fluoroborate precipitate
Azo coupling
with phenol, mild alkaline medium
with aniline, mild acidic medium
Electrophilic aromatic substitution in aniline
Getting a MONO-bromo product from aniline
Symbols
Traps that cost marks
Tricks that save time

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