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Amines — Class 12 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry revision notes
A 8-page visual revision sheet for Amines, written for Class 12 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry. Formulas, diagrams and the traps that cost marks, laid out to be read the night before rather than the term before. Free, and it opens inside CapCompass.
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What this Amines sheet covers
Classification of amines Aliphatic amine Aromatic amine Common and IUPAC nomenclature Preparation of amines ammonolysis of alkyl halide, alcoholic NH_3 excess, sealed tube 373 K; reactivity R-I > R-Br > R-Cl reduction of nitrocompound, Sn/HCl or Fe/HCl or H_2/Ni Mendius reduction of alkyl cyanide, Na/C_2H_5OH or LiAlH_4, a STEP UP (one carbon more) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis: gives a pure 1 degree amine only, in three stages Hofmann bromamide degradation: one carbon SHORTER, a step down Physical properties: H-bonding, boiling point, solubility Basicity: gas phase vs aqueous, the counterintuitive flip Ranking basicity in water Why aniline is a weak base and a reactive ring Laboratory tests for amines Acylation of amines 1 and 2 degree amines react with acid chlorides/anhydrides in presence of pyridine, which neutralises the HCl formed Hinsberg's test: distinguishing 1, 2, 3 degree amines Hofmann exhaustive alkylation vs Hofmann elimination Exhaustive alkylation Hofmann elimination Diazonium salt formation diazotisation: aromatic 1 degree amine, NaNO_2/HCl, 273-278 K aliphatic 1 degree amine: the diazonium ion is too unstable, decomposing at once to an alcohol Reactions of arene diazonium salts: the synthetic hub Sandmeyer: CuCl/HCl, CuBr/HBr or CuCN/KCN, good yield Gatterman: Cu powder with HCl or HBr directly, no Cu(I) salt needed iodoarene formation, KI needs no catalyst phenol formation, warm water mild reduction, H_3PO_2/H_2O, removes -NH_2 entirely once its directing job is done fluoroboric acid gives a precipitate that decomposes on heating to a fluoroarene Azo coupling with phenol, mild alkaline medium with aniline, mild acidic medium Electrophilic aromatic substitution in aniline Getting a MONO-bromo product from aniline Symbols Traps that cost marks Tricks that save time
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