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What does the Amines revision sheet cover?

Classification of amines, Aliphatic amine, Aromatic amine, Structure of the amine nitrogen, Preparation of amines, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis: gives a pure 1° amine only, reduction of a nitrile, Hofmann bromamide degradation: one carbon shorter, Basicity of amines: the counterintuitive order, Ranking basicity in water, Why aniline is a weak base and a reactive ring, Hinsberg's test: distinguishing 1°, 2°, 3° amines.

Is this for Class 12 CBSE Chemistry?

It is written from the NCERT syllabus, so it serves CBSE and any board that follows NCERT for Chemistry.

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Amines — Class 12 CBSE Chemistry revision notes

A 3-page visual revision sheet for Amines, written for Class 12 CBSE Chemistry. Formulas, diagrams and the traps that cost marks, laid out to be read the night before rather than the term before. Free, and it opens inside CapCompass.

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Amines in one look

nitrogen's lone pair makes every amine a base and a nucleophile, but steric bulk and solvation decide how strong

Classification of amines

Aliphatic amine

N attached to sp^3 alkyl carbon(s)
1° R-NH_2, 2° R_2NH, 3° R_3N, classified by carbons ON nitrogen, not the carbon skeleton
N lone pair sits free, not conjugated anywhere

Aromatic amine

N attached directly to the aromatic ring, e.g. aniline
same 1°/2°/3° naming, but the N lone pair conjugates into the ring
delocalisation makes this lone pair less available, so the ring-attached N is a weaker base

Structure of the amine nitrogen

nitrogen is sp^3 hybridised with a pyramidal shape, the lone pair occupying the fourth position
aromatic amine's N flattens toward sp^2 so its lone pair aligns with the ring's pi system
this lone pair makes every amine both a Lewis base (donates it) and a nucleophile

Preparation of amines

Gabriel phthalimide synthesis: gives a pure 1° amine only phthalimide+R-Xto N-alkylphthalimideto R-NH_2
reduction of a nitrile R-CN+H_2to R-CH_2NH_2
Hofmann bromamide degradation: one carbon shorter R-CONH_2+Br_2+NaOHto R-NH_2

Basicity of amines: the counterintuitive order

in the gas phase, basicity is 3°>2°>1°>NH_3: alkyl groups donate, freeing the lone pair
in water (the order actually tested), sterics and solvation flip this: simple alkyl amines run 2°>1°>3°>NH_3
reason: 3°'s cation solvates worst (fewest N-H bonds for water), so LESS stable despite most donation
aniline's basicity is far lower than ammonia or any aliphatic amine: lone pair tied in ring conjugation

Page 1 of 3. The full sheet, all 3 pages, opens free in the app.

What this Amines sheet covers

Classification of amines
Aliphatic amine
Aromatic amine
Structure of the amine nitrogen
Preparation of amines
Gabriel phthalimide synthesis: gives a pure 1° amine only
reduction of a nitrile
Hofmann bromamide degradation: one carbon shorter
Basicity of amines: the counterintuitive order
Ranking basicity in water
Why aniline is a weak base and a reactive ring
Hinsberg's test: distinguishing 1°, 2°, 3° amines
Diazonium salt formation and coupling
diazotisation: aromatic 1° amine, NaNO_2/HCl, 0-5 degC
azo coupling with phenol or aniline
Diazonium salt: the synthetic hub
Symbols
Traps that cost marks
Tricks that save time

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