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What does the The p-Block Elements revision sheet cover?

Group 15: the nitrogen family, N2 is inert, Oxidation states, Down the group, Ammonia: structure and manufacture, Two industrial gas-phase reactions of nitrogen compounds, Nitric acid and phosphorus allotropes, PCl3 and PCl5: same element, two shapes, Group 16: oxygen and its allotropes, O2, O3, ozone, Sulphur allotropes.

Is this for Class 12 CBSE Chemistry?

It is written from the NCERT syllabus, so it serves CBSE and any board that follows NCERT for Chemistry.

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The p-Block Elements — Class 12 CBSE Chemistry revision notes

A 4-page visual revision sheet for The p-Block Elements, written for Class 12 CBSE Chemistry. Formulas, diagrams and the traps that cost marks, laid out to be read the night before rather than the term before. Free, and it opens inside CapCompass.

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The p-Block Elements in one look

nitrogen through the noble gases, four groups that get less reactive from the top and more reluctant from the right

Group 15: the nitrogen family

N2 is inert: a N≡N triple bond, very high bond enthalpy (~941 kJ/mol), so N_2 needs real heat or a catalyst to react at all
Oxidation states: N ranges from -3 (NH_3) to +5 (HNO_3), the widest spread in the group; heavier members lean toward +3 and +5
Down the group: metallic character rises (N, P non-metal; As, Sb metalloid; Bi metal), and hydride stability/basicity falls

Ammonia: structure and manufacture

N is sp3 hybridised with one lone pair, giving a pyramidal shape; the lone pair's extra repulsion squeezes the H-N-H angle to about 107°, below the tetrahedral 109.5°
Haber process: N_2+3H_2rightleftharpoons 2NH_3, run over an iron catalyst (with a molybdenum promoter) at roughly 200 atm and 700 K
the lone pair makes NH_3 a Lewis base: it accepts a proton readily (NH_4^+) and forms coordinate bonds to metal ions

Nitric acid and phosphorus allotropes

Ostwald process continues: 2NO+O_2→ 2NO_2, then 3NO_2+H_2O→ 2HNO_3+NO, the leftover NO is recycled
aqua regia is concentrated HNO_3 and concentrated HCl in a 1:3 ratio by volume; it dissolves even gold and platinum, metals neither acid touches alone
white phosphorus is P_4 (tetrahedral), waxy, poisonous, glows in the dark, and is stored under water because it catches fire in air on its own
red phosphorus is a polymeric chain of linked P_4 units, far less reactive and not poisonous; black phosphorus is the thermodynamically most stable form

PCl3 and PCl5: same element, two shapes

PCl_3: P is sp3 hybridised with one lone pair, so it is pyramidal, the same shape family as NH_3
PCl_5 as a gas or liquid: sp3d hybridised, trigonal bipyramidal, with the three equatorial P-Cl bonds shorter than the two axial ones
PCl_5 as a solid: it exists ionically as [PCl_4]^+[PCl_6]^-, a tetrahedral cation paired with an octahedral anion, not as neutral PCl_5 molecules

Page 1 of 4. The full sheet, all 4 pages, opens free in the app.

What this The p-Block Elements sheet covers

Group 15: the nitrogen family
N2 is inert
Oxidation states
Down the group
Ammonia: structure and manufacture
Two industrial gas-phase reactions of nitrogen compounds
Nitric acid and phosphorus allotropes
PCl3 and PCl5: same element, two shapes
Group 16: oxygen and its allotropes
O2
O3, ozone
Sulphur allotropes
SO2 and the Contact process for H2SO4
Contact process, the catalytic step
Group 17: the halogens, general trends
Group 17, marked across the table
Interhalogen compounds
Group 18: the noble gases
The reaction that put noble-gas chemistry on the map
Things to remember before the traps
Traps that cost marks
Tricks that save time

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