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Introduction to Biotechnology — Class 9 Maharashtra SSC Science revision notes

A 3-page visual revision sheet for Introduction to Biotechnology, written for Class 9 Maharashtra SSC Science. Formulas, diagrams and the traps that cost marks, laid out to be read the night before rather than the term before. Free, and it opens inside CapCompass.

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Introduction to Biotechnology in one look

putting living things to work, from curd in a pot to a gene moved between species

What biotechnology is

  • biotechnology is the use of living organisms, or parts of them, to make products useful to us
  • it is far older than the word: curd, bread, cheese, vinegar and brewing are all biotechnology
  • the traditional form uses whole organisms and their natural processes, mostly fermentation
  • the modern form works at the level of the gene, moving specific instructions between organisms
  • so the difference is one of precision: the old way selects and encourages, the new way edits directly
  • both are in use today, and a question asking for an example may want either kind

Traditional uses

  • dairy: curd from Lactobacillus, and cheese and buttermilk from related bacteria
  • baking: yeast produces carbon dioxide which raises the dough, and the alcohol evaporates in the oven
  • brewing: the same yeast, but here the alcohol is the product and the gas is incidental
  • idli and dosa batter ferment overnight, which both raises them and improves the nutrition
  • composting and biogas: microbes break down waste into manure and methane
  • sewage treatment: microbes digest the organic matter so that the water can be returned safely

Modern biotechnology

  • genetic engineering moves a chosen gene from one organism into another
  • the steps are: cut out the wanted gene, insert it into a vector such as a bacterial plasmid, and put that into a host cell which multiplies and makes the product
  • restriction enzymes are the scissors that cut DNA at particular sequences, and ligase joins it
  • an organism carrying a gene from another species is transgenic
  • tissue culture grows a whole plant from a few cells on a nutrient medium, giving many identical plants quickly
  • the plants produced are clones, so a chosen variety is reproduced exactly rather than reshuffled

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