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Chemical Equilibrium — Class 11 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry revision notes

A 5-page visual revision sheet for Chemical Equilibrium, written for Class 11 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry. Formulas, diagrams and the traps that cost marks, laid out to be read the night before rather than the term before. Free, and it opens inside CapCompass.

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Chemical Equilibrium in one look

forward and reverse running at the same rate, and the constant that says where they meet

Reversible vs Irreversible Reactions

  • irreversible reactions run ONE direction only, until a reactant is used up
  • e.g. C(s)+O_2(g)→ CO_2(g), shown with a single arrow
  • reversible reactions run BOTH directions at once: forward and reverse
  • shown with a double arrow, e.g. H_2(g)+I_2(g)rightleftharpoons2HI(g)
  • classic colour-change demo: Co(H_2O)_6^2++4Cl^-rightleftharpoons CoCl_4^2-+6H_2O
  • pink on cooling, blue on heating, same reaction, direction set by temperature
  • the SAME reaction can be reversible closed, irreversible open
  • e.g. heating CaCO_3: CO_2 escapes in an open vessel, stays and recombines in a closed one

Equilibrium in Physical Processes

  • liquid-vapour: in a CLOSED vessel, evaporation and condensation reach equal rates
  • giving a constant SATURATED VAPOUR PRESSURE, H_2O(l)rightleftharpoons H_2O(g)
  • solid-liquid: ice and water together at exactly 273 K, neither melts nor freezes net
  • solid-vapour (sublimation): solid iodine and its violet vapour reach a stable colour in a closed vessel
  • I_2(s)rightleftharpoons I_2(g); camphor and ammonium chloride behave the same way
  • solute-solid, in a SATURATED solution: dissolution rate equals crystallisation rate, Sugar(aq)rightleftharpoons Sugar(s)

Chemical Equilibrium: the Dynamic State

  • a reversible reaction in a closed system does NOT reach 100% yield
  • concentrations stop changing once the system reaches equilibrium
  • equilibrium is DYNAMIC, not static: forward and reverse reactions keep running
  • at exactly EQUAL rates, so there is no NET change
  • equilibrium can be approached from either side: starting from H_2+I_2 or from HI
  • reaches the SAME mixture at a given temperature
  • N_2O_4(g)rightleftharpoons2NO_2(g) is easy to WATCH: colourless N_2O_4 turns visibly brown
  • the colour stabilises exactly at equilibrium

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