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Redox Reactions — Class 11 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry revision notes

A 5-page visual revision sheet for Redox Reactions, written for Class 11 Maharashtra HSC Chemistry. Formulas, diagrams and the traps that cost marks, laid out to be read the night before rather than the term before. Free, and it opens inside CapCompass.

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Redox Reactions in one look

one species loses electrons, another gains them, in the same breath

Classical and electron-transfer pictures

  • classically: oxidation adds oxygen/electronegative element or removes hydrogen/electropositive element; reduction is the reverse
  • modern: oxidation is loss of electrons, reduction is gain; the two always happen together, never alone
  • oxidant: itself gets reduced, the electron acceptor. reductant: itself gets oxidised, the electron donor
  • covalent reactions (2H_2+O_2→2H_2O) fit too: an electron shift, not a full transfer, toward the electronegative atom

Oxidation number: the bookkeeping rule

  • oxidation number: the charge an atom would carry if every bond to it were fully ionic
  • free element: always 0 (H_2, Cl_2, O_3, S_8, P_4, Ca metal)
  • monatomic ion: equals its charge (alkali +1, alkaline earth +2, Al +3)
  • neutral molecule: oxidation numbers sum to 0. polyatomic ion: sum to the net charge
  • when an element appears more than once in one species, report the average oxidation number

Fixed oxidation number rules

speciesusual O.N.exception
O-2-1 peroxide (H_2O_2); -1/2 superoxide (KO_2); +2 in OF_2
H bonded to non-metal+1-1 in a metal hydride, e.g. LiH, CaH_2
F-1none, always -1
Cl, Br, I in a halide-1+1 when bonded to O, e.g. Cl-O-Cl

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